Viral and nonviral nanocarriers for in vivo CRISPR-based gene editing

Summary

This review examines nanocarriers intended to make CRISPR genome editing work inside the body. Although CRISPR systems could transform diagnosis and treatment, their molecular components are vulnerable to enzymatic degradation, may not reach the diseased tissue efficiently, and can produce unwanted editing at unintended sites. The authors frame nanoparticles as tunable packages that can protect and deliver different forms of the editing machinery. These formats include plasmid DNA, messenger RNA, and preassembled ribonucleoprotein complexes, each imposing distinct carrier requirements. The review highlights recombinant adeno-associated viruses, virus-like particles, and lipid nanoparticles as especially promising platforms while also considering other viral and nonviral carriers. Its central contribution is a delivery-focused comparison of the available vehicle classes rather than a report of one new editor or disease study. By linking payload format with carrier design, the review clarifies why successful in vivo editing requires simultaneous attention to stability, tissue targeting, cellular entry, and off-target risk. The abstract signals substantial potential but does not establish which carrier is best, provide systematic evidence grading, or resolve safety, immune-response, manufacturing, and long-term editing concerns.